Best Conditions For Stargazing

SQUISHY PHYSICS- I-

Worm Saliva Breaks Down Tough Plastic

Polyethylene, a durable plastic, is widely considered one of the worst forms of plastic pollution, but chemicals found the saliva of the wax worm may hold the key to breaking it down. One hours worth of exposure to the saliva breaks down the plastic by the equivalent of years worth of weathering.

There are two enzymes responsible for this degradation, and it’s believed that they are the first effective agents found in nature.

Polyethylene comprises 30% of production of a wide range of materials such as pipes, flooring, and bottles. Its hardiness comes from its resistance to oxygen. In order to get oxygen into the plastic, it has to be treated with UV light, but, the wax worms saliva seems to have a similar, if not improved, effect.

Wax worms are well known for destroying honey bee hives, and researchers say that its this ability to destroy hives that may hold the key to their ability to degrade plastics.

The study, published in the journal, Nature, is led by a team of Spanish researchers, who now want to research further into the degradation of polyethylene by wax worm saliva, and hope that one day, people may be able to have a home kit that they can use to breakdown the polyethylene at home.

Source: BBC News, written by Matt Magrath , and, Sanluis-Verdes, A., et al., (2022). Wax worm saliva and the enzymes therein are the key to polyethylene degradation by Galleria mellonella. Nature Communications, 13(1). Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-33127-w (Accessed: 5th October 2022)

Star Formation: Omega/Carina/Lagoon 

© Hubble/Chandra

Null hypotheses im looking at you :(

Chi square :(

just added a new place to my bucket list

Aurora Borealis dancing in Southern Ontario l Jason O'Young

Radio view closeup of Milky Way center © J.C. Munoz-Mateos

The Very Beginnings of the History of Astronomy

Image credit: Michele Falzone/ Photodisc/ Getty Images

Astronomy in Ancient History

The Very Beginning

Since the beginning of time, humans have looked up at the stars and wondered... But the first documented instance of actual astronomical observations dates all the way back to the Assyro-Babylonians in 1000 BCE. These clever ancient people collected data on celestial bodies and recorded their periodic motions--quite impressive when you consider that the ancient Assyro-Babylonians did not have telescopes or really anything besides their eyes to observe the night sky. 

Ancient Greece

Many ancient civilizations would continue to observe the stars, but it would be the Ancient Greeks who first attempted to use astrometry to estimate the location of celestial bodies in the sky. Copernicus is most well-known for his theory of heliocentrism, but as far back as the third century BCE, some Greek astronomers believed in the heliocentric system. Aristarchus of Samos was one such supporter, and he managed to use trigonometry to assess the relative distance of the Sun and the Moon from Earth. His measurement was not very precise, with him claiming the Sun was 18-20 times the distance of the Moon from Earth (current data puts that number at about 400 times more), but he definitely was on the right track. 

 A century later Greek astronomer Hipparchus of Nicaea created the first stellar catalogue using the ancient Babylonian practice of dividing a circle into 360 degrees and each degree into 60 arc minutes. This original catalog listed the positions of 850 stars to the accuracy of one degree--this might not seem so impressive today, but if you consider he was able to do this based on naked-eye observations and rudimentary gnomons, astrolabes, and armillary spheres. It's also thanks to Hipparchus that we have a magnitude system for describing the brightness of stars. 

The Rest is Ancient History

It would be impossible to list every ancient astronomer who observed something important to astronomy, but needless to say, astronomers from ancient civilizations were all extremely intelligent individuals who collected data and created systems that are still in wide use today. 

How To Prepare To Go Stargazing

Preparing To Go Stargazing

So you want to go stargazing...and you have the perfect night and location picked out...the question is: What do you bring? What do you wear? Should you bring food? Drinks? Chairs? A backpack? 

Well, you've come to the right place. Prepare to have all your questions answered here!

Clothing

Generally, the best nights for stargazing are colder ones or you'll be up at higher altitudes in the middle of the night, so dress cozily! Check the weather forecast before heading out and dress appropriately, with a nice, warm jacket, pants (shorts are probably a no-no), a beanie, and gloves depending on where you're going. It never hurts to have backup extra layers stored in the car as well.

Stargazing Materials

Obviously, bring your telescope! If you don't have one, no worries, you can bring binoculars, borrow a telescope from your nearby observatory, or just go watch the stars with your naked eye--I promise it won't be any less breathtaking. 

But if you're planning on bringing your telescope, make sure to bring a beach towel or something else to place your telescope on--a plastic tub as a base works well too for telescopes that don't have tripods. Also, make sure to have something handy to clean your lens with, just in case it gets dusty or windy. 

Lights

It's best to avoid looking at your phone or any white lights to help your eyes adjust to the darkness and see the stars better, so pack a red light torch and activate red light on your phone screen so if you need to check your phone for any reason, or to access an astronomy app, you don't blind your eyes with the white light. 

Food and Drinks

This is all based on preference, but it's always fun to have a small campfire and roast s'mores while drinking hot chocolate. Depending on how long you plan to be stargazing, prepare drinks (have a few water bottles on hand just in case) and some snacks and have a good time talking, watching the stars, and snacking with others. 

Other Essentials

Make sure to have extra power chargers--portable batteries, power tanks,  a pack of batteries, etc.--just in case anything runs out of power, especially if you're in a remote location. 

A first-aid kit is important because you never know what might happen or when someone will need a band-aid. Keep a small first-aid kit in your car, stocked with (at the very least) band-aids (large and small size), Neosporin, gauze, and clean anti-bacterial wipes.

If it's summertime, it's probably also a smart idea to invest in some mosquito or bug spray, or get bug-repelling bracelets to keep the bugs from spoiling your night. 

That's All!

You are set to go stargazing, so get out there and have a fantastic time!

Scientists find remains of cannibalized baby planets in Jupiter's cloud-covered belly

The finding settles a long-standing debate about the gas giant's formation.

Jupiter’s innards are full of the remains of baby planets that the gas giant gobbled up as it expanded to become the behemoth we see today, scientists have found. The findings come from the first clear view of the chemistry beneath the planet’s cloudy outer atmosphere.

Despite being the largest planet in the solar system, Jupiter has divulged very little about its inner workings. Telescopes have captured thousands of images of the swirling vortex clouds in the gas giant’s upper atmosphere, but these Van Gogh-esque storms also act as a barrier blocking our view of what’s below.

“Jupiter was one of the first planets to form,” in the first few million years when the solar system was taking shape around 4.5 billion years ago, lead researcher Yamila Miguel, an astrophysicist at Leiden University in The Netherlands, told Live Science. However, we know almost nothing for certain about how it formed, she added.

In the new study, researchers were finally able to peer past Jupiter’s obscuring cloud cover using gravitational data collected by NASA’s Juno space probe. This data enabled the team to map out the rocky material at the core of the giant planet, which revealed a surprisingly high abundance of heavy elements. The chemical make-up suggests Jupiter devoured baby planets, or planetesimals, to fuel its expansive growth.

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